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Blockchain versus IOTA Tangle

16.2.4  Design and Operational Architecture

The domain of IoT encompasses a plethora of technologies, making it difficult to use

a single architecture to model IoT implementation. Therefore, it is most likely that a

number of reference models will coexist in the design of a reference model for IoT

(Jamali et al., 2020). For this reason, IoT should be open enough to provide open pro­

tocols for supporting current network applications. Sethi and Sarangi (2017) argue

that there is no agreement on a single universally accepted framework, but different

authors have proposed different architectures. Two such architectures are the three-

layer and five-layer architectures, as shown in Figure 16.6.

FIGURE 16.5  IoT connectivity technologies and solutions. (From Behr, A., et al., Behr

Technologies, 2020, https://behrtech​.com​/solutions/)

FIGURE 16.6  (a) Three-layered and (b) five-layered architecture of IoT. (From Sethi, P. and

Sarangi, S. R., Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 9324035, 25, 2017.)